摇尾狗

老师有让分析这部电影，于是写了一点，若不专业，敬请见谅~

一、单纯强调“舆论导向”是不可取的，大众传媒具有“安全阀”作用，通过释放情绪和社会话语的多元化表达，来缓解矛盾，维护社会成员之间的关系，从而确定社会的稳定。

当今时代，微博等新媒体平台给予了人们较之以往而言，很大的言论自由。已经沉默成为了习惯的中国民众，面对这种突如其来的自由，表现得些许错愕，错愕之后就是雀跃的狂欢。这种狂欢隐隐造成一种不受掌控的局面，于是政府会要求各媒体要起到正确的舆论导向的作用。在魔弹论理论体系中，群众对于媒介力量存在的畏惧心理，本身就是大众传媒的信仰体系的一部分。放在中国环境下来说，历史曾有的几个特殊的历史时期正好能够说明并确认中国人民对于媒介有着一种巨大恐惧，因此对于当下总是处在一种情绪暴动状态中的网民来说，产生媒介怀疑论并是不一种偶然。所以在这种情况下可以说，单纯强调“舆论导向”是不可取，因为受众往往带有逆反的心理去理解信息，从而混淆真相。

在《摇尾狗》中，修补小组想要分散社会大众的注意力，首先做的是散布B-3轰炸机和阿尔巴尼亚局势的谣言，然后再以官方的正式身份矢口否认。大众媒体出于习惯性的揣测，自然会紧追不舍，于是修补小组在看似尴尬的局面下成功铸造了他们想要的舆论环境。

群众有话想说，需要自己的意见被传达，被重视。大众传媒具有的“安全阀”作用，正是通过释放情绪和社会话语的多元化表达，来缓解社会矛盾。当舒曼的故事把人们的情感挑动到一个制高点时，出现了这样一个场景，修补小组趁着夜色到街头，把各种旧鞋挂到树上，并带动小男孩去告诉大家。实际上这就是在为情绪表达找寻一种出口，人们释放情绪有两种情况，一是归于平静，二是释放出的情绪得到了回应，情绪发出者找到彼此形成了一个共鸣的团体，于是这种情绪会被放大。最后如他们所想的，扔旧鞋不但扩大了社会大众对于舒曼的关后注，并且极大刺激了他们的保护欲。人们以为他们是在为被忽略的弱者说话，是在维护美国梦，是在坚持美国公民的责任，世界以为这是美国人民的呼喊，是社会矛盾的缓冲，这个范围极广的，影响力巨大的电影秀，让他们丝毫不能察觉其实这自始至终都是一个骗局。

二、大众媒介中的社会地位赋予，实际上是一种干涉左右群众观念及行为的手段。

    20世纪20-40年代的魔弹论说，传播媒介拥有不可抵抗的强大力量，它们所传递的信息在受传者身上就像子弹击中身体，药剂注入皮肤一样，可以引起直接速效的反应；它们能够左右人们的态度和意见，甚至直接支配他们的行动。而1997年拍摄的《摇尾狗》实际上就是对早先魔弹论的一种夸大性阐述。舒曼这个“美国英雄”式人物源起于“鞋子”这一概念，修补小组根据音韵规律找到了舒曼这个名字，这个“英雄”先有了一个易于大众接受的朴素名字，才有了一个真正的身份。群众以为的，深受感动的，为之呼唤的战争英雄，与真相里那个神经错落，试图侵犯妇女而被猎枪打死的囚徒一对比，让大众传播的魔弹论再一次给予了观众巨大的恐惧感。在这样一个强权可以改变一切环境的世界里面，我们还有什么可以相信的，我想这是导演刻意夸大而试图得到的效果，目的就是让我们不要被媒介左右而不自知。反观舒曼形象竖立的整个过程，从对他英雄式人物的定位，到old shoe的流行，到大众媒体中的有意扩散，修补小组用一个带有美国梦色彩的情感外壳包裹住了一切假象而成功让人们照单全收。

After watching the film wag the dog the first idea that came to my mind is: How can people be fooled that easily?! But after a while a came to an astonishing conclusion which even shocked me, that is: people like being lied to and they only doubt about things they can’t accept.But somehow once they find out they have been lied to they got angry because they feel embarrassed.As they need a weapon or excuse to defence themselves,our protagonist---ethic come on stage.

I think the reason why a song with the lyrics” Just gonna stand there and watch me burn But that's alright because I like the way it hurts Just gonna stand there and hear me cry But that's alright because I love the way you lie”.Can indicate part of what I said is right.. Some may say that is words people only say to the one they truly love. But I think that’s exactly the only reason they don’t use anger to hide their embarrassment.

Just like plumber, people think of ethic only when they are feeling there is something wrong. It seems to me that ethic is just a so subjective word that people can use it in what every ways they want to.The only judge is their own persuasive skills.

Of course we can have certain rules. But who make these rules? ---People.And how people do things?----Acording to their aim. So from my point of view, you can never judge wether a person’s behavior is right or wrong base on the so-called ethic.

People do things to achieve their goals.And where there is a will there always are more than one way.But one thing is inevitable that is, what ever you behave some people will get hurt.And I think the less hurt people get the more right your behavior is.Yes,there are a lot of cases that showing this thought is unfair or totally wrong.But every theory is controversial because again,there is no certain rules.

As for professional,if we could put all the ethics things aside,I think the president’s PR apartment is a really good one.They are aware of the close connect between show business and briliant enough to go to find help from the top Hollywood producer.And if thinking from an open point of view we can find out actually they have matched at least part of every articles in IABC code of ethics for professional communicators.
People tend to turn to experts when they have a problem in a certain area.Thus I’d like to suppose that “professional” is use your knowledge to solve problems in the field your are in.And the more problems you can solve the more professional you are.

Let’s see what problem the president’s PR is facing : To ensure the president can be elected despite of there is a scandal.And here is a definition of PR : the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics.Public relations provides an organization or individual exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and news items that provide a third-party endorsement and do not direct payment.It is concerned with relational, which can in principle be private, but also with public consequences of organizational behaviour.
According to the result of the election and the definition of PR I think they really have done a wonderful job.

But in contrast let’s see whether the “top” Hollywood producer is really professional.
The problem he is facing: Creating a event attractive enough to distract people’s attention to the oresident’s scandal.
The definition of Showbiz: The word applies to all aspects of the entertainment industry from the business side (including managers, agents, producers and distributors) to the creative element (including artists, performers, writers, musicians and technicians). It applies to every aspect of entertainment including cinema, television, radio, theater and music.
I think before he decided that he wants the credit for the production he is professional.Because getting himself the credit is not a problem included in this task.Actually I think there is a song which can explain Showbiz better then its definition here is the lyrics:
” The opening when your heart beats like a drum
The closing when the customers won't come
There's no business like show business
Like no business I know
Everything about it is appealing
Everything the traffic will allow
No where could you have that happy feeling
When you aren't stealing that extra bow
There's no people like show people
They smile when they are low
Yesterday they told you you would not go far
That night you opened and there you are
Next day on your dressing room they've hung a star
Let's go on with the show
The cowboys, the wrestlers, the tumblers, the clowns
The roustabouts that move the show at dawn
The music, the spotlights, the people, the towns
Your baggage with the labels pasted on
The sawdust and the horses and the smell
The towel you've taken from the last hotel
There's no business like show business
If you tell me it's so
Traveling through the country is so thrilling
Standing out in front on opening nights
Smiling as you watch the benches filling
And see your billing up there in lights
There's no people like show people
They smile when they are low
Even with a turkey that you know will fold
You may be stranded out in the cold
Still you wouldn't trade it for a sack o' gold
Let's go on with the show Let's go on with the show!
The show! The show!”
What the Hollywood producer is wrong is he have forgot the words” No where could you have that happy feeling When you aren't stealing that extra bow ” He is in Showbiz but he have forgot its definition. So he is not a professional but a victim of his own egotism.

I think the answer to the question” Could it happen in reality?” is “yes”. The Hollywood producer in this film said” Look at it. The whole thing is a fucking fraud, and yet it's 100 percent real!” And Is it true?how the fuck do we know? Nobody knows so a film can be either something people make up or the truth.People are being deceived and information is withheld.But still what matters most is people like being lied to.

And what really matters is “who” is trying to create a better reputation instead of “what” he have done. Everyone have their own duty PR department,showbiz president etc.It is the president that people put expectation on. So PR department can never let the public down.So I think if you are aware what is your duty and what you gonna do is legal and really can solve a problem, it is allowed.

第二次写英文的影评居然是交作业，哎，岁月无常世事难料啊~

这是一部看起来轻松幽默的影片，这是一部幽默中又带着些许的政治讽刺的影片。
       影片讲的其实就是总统的特别顾问们鼓捣的一系列猫腻事件。该影片一针见血地揭示了美国政治生活中政客、媒体与好莱坞之间相互利用的丑恶关系，与此同时还对白宫进行了戏剧化的巧妙讽刺。
影片的名字《wagthedog》，尾摇狗。也许你会有这样的疑问，影片为什么会有这样的一个名字呢？影片中有这样的一段话：为什么狗摇尾巴？因为狗比尾巴聪明。如果尾巴更加聪明，他就可以摇狗。
其实，总统就好像是作为纳税人的公民养的一只是狗，而他所依靠的自己背后的公关团队就是自己的尾巴。
       聪明的总统撰稿人在关键的时刻握住了舆论的刀柄，操纵了大众的传播，仅仅与好莱坞制片人制作了一部短短的影片，就扭转了总统的败局。可以说，总统的公关团体为自己在公众面前的作为编写“符号”，如果说是总统的感召力使这群精英聚在一起从而使“符号”成为可能，那么正是他们的智慧使完美的“符号”为总统遮风挡雨。
      舆论是掌握在懂得操纵舆论的人手上的。越是大众的传播，真相就越不重要，因为人们更愿意相信符合自己理解能力的解释。传播学的影子理论这样说：我们看到的不过是事实的影子，这个影子和其产生的物体到底有多大相似，取决于光线。光线掌握在谁手里，舆论就掌握在谁手里。这个理论精辟的揭示了受众、舆论信息、传播者三者之间的辩证关系。
       在本部影片中，真正在舆论海洋的掌舵手是总统撰稿人。在他看来，不管它是无风起浪还是有风起浪，索性就弄个更大的浪来淹没它。就这样总统的丑闻浪潮被战争及其他的大浪所吞没。

       传播的构成要素包括：传播者、传播内容、传播媒介、受众、反馈、传播效果。
       
       在《摇尾狗》中，老谋深算的布里恩、总统助理爱姆斯和大名鼎鼎的好莱坞制片人斯坦利莫斯（包括其团队）是传播者，其中，布里恩惯于操纵政治、新闻和政治理论，由于总统在大选十一天前被绯闻缠身，这很可能使总统的连任计划失败，他便想出一条对策：制造一场世界性的危机，转移公众对性骚扰事件的注意力。而这场世界性的危机就是阿尔巴尼亚战争，即传播内容。传播的媒介在电影中主要表现出的是电视，我认为里面也隐含着报纸、广播、互联网等传播媒介。还有，此次制造的阿尔巴尼亚战争的目的是让美国民众“中途不要换马”，让总统连任，所以受众是美国大选的选民们。在传播学的定义中，反馈指受众接受传播内容后将其接受状况和意见通过某种渠道反映给传播者，从而导致传播者与受众的角色互换和保持传播的持续性。在《摇尾狗》中，反馈是通过民意调查（可能包括问卷调查、电话访问、网络调查等等）。传播的最后一个构成要素是传播效果。影片在接近尾声时告诉我们，总统连任，布里恩及其团队大获全胜，说明布里恩的传播达到了预期的目的，即有了较好的传播效果。
       
       有人说，如果狗比尾巴聪明，那么就是狗摇尾巴，倘若尾巴比狗聪明，那么就是尾巴摇狗了。的确，《摇尾狗》中谁操纵着大众传媒，谁引导着舆论，谁就是最后的胜者。大众传媒不仅在一定程度上左右着人们的视听，也左右着大众的思想。以更大的浪去覆盖绯闻这个小浪，是布里恩的计谋，虚无的阿尔巴尼亚战争被无数媒体竞相报导，这个更大的浪吸引了民众的视线，而得益者是欺骗民众的政客们。
　　　
       布里恩是典型的传播者，他是此次事件的领导人，操纵着媒体和政要发言人，其符合传播者的心理特征自我感觉亢奋，他把自我的意志灌输给受众，强迫受众接受自己单向传播的信息。而且在阿尔巴尼亚战争的传播中，他对民众有轻视和控制心理。
　　　
      “不要中途换马”是传播者利用受众的怀旧心理来引导他们的思想。同样，民众们也具备普通受众们的心理，从众的心理、盲从的心理、好奇的心理、求新的心理和逆反的心理。
　　　
     《摇尾狗》在一定程度上反映着社会的现实。总统的桃色新闻让我们想起了克林顿和莱温斯基，阿尔巴尼亚战争类似于伊拉克战争，媒体的作用如此之大，在影片中很好的展现出来。如今，书籍、杂志、报纸、广播、互联网充斥着我们的生活，各种各样的新闻是真正的事实、是事实的冰山一角还是虚无缥缈的泡沫？答案无从而知。而作为受众的我们需要冷静的面对这些新闻，多方求证，独立思考，形成自己正确的传播视觉。